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Writing a Java refactoring recipe

To help you get started with writing recipes, this guide will walk you through all the steps needed to create a basic refactoring recipe. This SayHelloRecipe will add a hello() method to a user specified class if that class does not already have one.

For example, it would take a class like this:

package com.yourorg;

class FooBar {

}

And refactor it into a class like this:

package com.yourorg;

class FooBar {
    public String hello() {
        return "Hello from com.yourorg.FooBar!";
    }
}

Prerequisites​

This guide assumes you've already set up your Recipe Development Environment and that you are familiar with writing Java code.

Outlining SayHelloRecipe​

Let's begin by creating a Java class that extends org.openrewrite.Recipe. At a minimum, this recipe should have:

  • An Option that is the fully qualified name of the class you want to add the hello() method to.
  • A serializable constructor that takes in the fully qualified class name.
  • A getDisplayName() method that returns the display name for this recipe.
  • A getDescription() method that returns the description for this recipe.

Here is what the class should look like with just these things defined:

package com.yourorg;

import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonCreator;
import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonProperty;
import lombok.EqualsAndHashCode;
import lombok.Value;
import org.jspecify.annotations.NonNull;
import org.openrewrite.*;

// Making your recipe immutable helps make them idempotent and eliminates a variety of possible bugs.
// Configuring your recipe in this way also guarantees that basic validation of parameters will be done for you by rewrite.
// Also note: All recipes must be serializable. This is verified by RewriteTest.rewriteRun() in your tests.
@Value
@EqualsAndHashCode(callSuper = false)
public class SayHelloRecipe extends Recipe {
    @Option(displayName = "Fully Qualified Class Name",
            description = "A fully qualified class name indicating which class to add a hello() method to.",
            example = "com.yourorg.FooBar")
    @NonNull
    String fullyQualifiedClassName;

    // All recipes must be serializable. This is verified by RewriteTest.rewriteRun() in your tests.
    @JsonCreator
    public SayHelloRecipe(@NonNull @JsonProperty("fullyQualifiedClassName") String fullyQualifiedClassName) {
        this.fullyQualifiedClassName = fullyQualifiedClassName;
    }

    @Override
    public String getDisplayName() {
        return "Say Hello";
    }

    @Override
    public String getDescription() {
        return "Adds a \"hello\" method to the specified class.";
    }

    // TODO: Override getVisitor() to return a JavaIsoVisitor to perform the refactoring
}
info

If you don't use Lombok's @Value annotation, it will be up to you to ensure that the recipe is serializable (possibly via @JsonCreator and @JsonProperty).

Writing tests​

Now that we have a basic recipe defined (albeit one that doesn't do anything yet), it's a good idea to write some tests. This will not only allow us to confirm that we've set everything up correctly so far, but it will also ensure that we've thought more about how this recipe will work.

info

For a more extensive look into recipe testing, check out the Recipe Testing Guide

For our SayHelloRecipe, we want to ensure:

  • That a class matching the configured fullyQualifiedClassName with no hello() method will have a hello() method added
  • That a class that already has a different hello() implementation will be left untouched
  • That a class not matching the configured fullyQualifiedClassName with no hello() method will be left untouched

Below is an example of what these tests might look like:

package com.yourorg;

import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
import org.openrewrite.test.RecipeSpec;
import org.openrewrite.test.RewriteTest;

import static org.openrewrite.java.Assertions.java;

class SayHelloRecipeTest implements RewriteTest {
    @Override
    public void defaults(RecipeSpec spec) {
        spec.recipe(new SayHelloRecipe("com.yourorg.FooBar"));
    }

    @Test
    void addsHelloToFooBar() {
        rewriteRun(
            java(
                """
                    package com.yourorg;

                    class FooBar {
                    }
                """,
                """
                    package com.yourorg;

                    class FooBar {
                        public String hello() {
                            return "Hello from com.yourorg.FooBar!";
                        }
                    }
                """
            )
        );
    }

    @Test
    void doesNotChangeExistingHello() {
        rewriteRun(
            java(
                """
                    package com.yourorg;
        
                    class FooBar {
                        public String hello() { return ""; }
                    }
                """
            )
        );
    }

    @Test
    void doesNotChangeOtherClasses() {
        rewriteRun(
            java(
                """
                    package com.yourorg;
        
                    class Bash {
                    }
                """
            )
        );
    }
}

Please note that:

  • The test file implements the RewriteTest interface, which provides an entry point to the testing infrastructure via the method variants of rewriteRun().
  • It is possible to set up defaults for all of the tests via the defaults() method so that you don't have to repeat the same code in each test.
  • Each test, at a minimum, will define the initial source code (the "before" state).
    • If there is a second argument included (the "after" state), then the testing infrastructure will assert that the source file has been transformed into this new state after the recipe has been executed.
    • If there is not a second argument, then the testing infrastructure will assert that the source file has not been changed after the recipe has been executed.

If you run the tests right now, you should see that the tests that expect no changes pass, whereas the test that expects changes does not. This is expected as we haven't added a visitor responsible for potentially making changes to the source code.

Implementing the visitor​

Now that we have a basic outline of a recipe and the tests, it's time to make the rest of our recipe.

There are two main pieces to this:

  1. Figure out which LSTs have the data we need to make the changes we want.
  2. Override the Recipe.getVisitor() method to return a visitor that is responsible for refactoring the code as desired. This visitor is where all of our core logic will live. It should ensure:
    • That we don't change classes that don't match the specified fully qualified class name
    • That we don't change existing hello() methods.
    • That we do add a hello() method to a class that matches that fully qualified class name and doesn't have an existing hello() method.

For more information on visitors, please see our visitors doc. You may also find it beneficial to watch our video explaining visitors and how they work:

Figure out which LSTs are needed​

Before we begin writing any code, it's a good idea to figure out which LSTs contain the data we need and which LSTs we might need to change to get the results we want. Using an LST that's too broad in scope will result in us having to do much more work than necessary, but using an LST that's too narrow in scope will result in us being unable to make the changes we need to.

For our use case, we care about reading class names and, potentially, changing methods inside of the class.

If we take a look at the LST Examples doc, we can see that a J.ClassDeclaration has the information we need. It has a FullyQualified type that we can use to ensure we're only making changes on the specified class, and it contains a Block that includes Statements that may be MethodDeclarations, so we can check for a hello() method and potentially add one if it doesn't exist.

Override the visitor​

With the knowledge of the LST we need obtained, let's make an outline of what our visitor should look like and do:

// ...
public class SayHelloRecipe extends Recipe {
    // ...

    @Override
    public TreeVisitor<?, ExecutionContext> getVisitor() {
        // getVisitor() should always return a new instance of the visitor to avoid any state leaking between cycles
        return new SayHelloVisitor();
    }

    public class SayHelloVisitor extends JavaIsoVisitor<ExecutionContext> {
        @Override
        public J.ClassDeclaration visitClassDeclaration(J.ClassDeclaration classDecl, ExecutionContext executionContext) {
            // TODO: Filter out classes that don't match the fully qualified name

            // TODO: Filter out classes that already have a `hello()` method

            // TODO: Add a `hello()` method to classes that need it
            return classDecl;
        }
    }
}

Now, let's work through each of those TODOs.

Filtering out classes that don't match the fully qualified name​

All of our logic lives inside of the visitClassDeclaration method. To filter out classes that don't match the fully qualified class name, we need to do grab some information from the type field in ClassDeclaration:

// ...
public class SayHelloRecipe extends Recipe {
    // ...

    public class SayHelloVisitor extends JavaIsoVisitor<ExecutionContext> {
        @Override
        public J.ClassDeclaration visitClassDeclaration(J.ClassDeclaration classDecl, ExecutionContext executionContext) {
            // Don't make changes to classes that don't match the fully qualified name
            if (classDecl.getType() == null || !classDecl.getType().getFullyQualifiedName().equals(fullyQualifiedClassName)) {
                return classDecl;
            }

            // TODO: Filter out classes that already have a `hello()` method

            // TODO: Add a `hello()` method to classes that need it
            return classDecl;
        }
    }
}

Filtering out classes that already have a hello() method​

To filter out classes that already have a hello() method, we need to first figure out how to check for that. A good understanding of the LSTs is necessary for this type of filtering. With that knowledge, we can build up a stream, filter it down, and check for any matches by doing something like:

// ...
public class SayHelloRecipe extends Recipe {
    // ...

    public class SayHelloVisitor extends JavaIsoVisitor<ExecutionContext> {
        @Override
        public J.ClassDeclaration visitClassDeclaration(J.ClassDeclaration classDecl, ExecutionContext executionContext) {
            // Don't make changes to classes that don't match the fully qualified name
            if (classDecl.getType() == null || !classDecl.getType().getFullyQualifiedName().equals(fullyQualifiedClassName)) {
                return classDecl;
            }

            // Check if the class already has a method named "hello"
            boolean helloMethodExists = classDecl.getBody().getStatements().stream()
                    .filter(statement -> statement instanceof J.MethodDeclaration)
                    .map(J.MethodDeclaration.class::cast)
                    .anyMatch(methodDeclaration -> methodDeclaration.getName().getSimpleName().equals("hello"));

            // If the class already has a `hello()` method, don't make any changes to it.
            if (helloMethodExists) {
                return classDecl;
            }

            // TODO: Add a `hello()` method to classes that need it
            return classDecl;
        }
    }
}

Adding a hello() method to the classes that need it​

In order to create complex LST elements such as a new method, it's a good idea to use a Java Template. At a high-level, Java Templates simplify the creation of LSTs by converting code snippets into fully created LSTs.

Templates are created using the JavaTemplate.builder() method. Within a template, #{} can be used to signify that a value will be substituted there later on. In our recipe, for instance, we don't know what the fully qualified class name is when we're compiling the program. Instead, we need to rely on the user to provide that later.

Here is what a template like that might look like for our recipe:

// ...
public class SayHelloRecipe extends Recipe {
    // ...

    public class SayHelloVisitor extends JavaIsoVisitor<ExecutionContext> {
        private final JavaTemplate helloTemplate =
                JavaTemplate.builder( "public String hello() { return \"Hello from #{}!\"; }")
                        .build();

        @Override
        public J.ClassDeclaration visitClassDeclaration(J.ClassDeclaration classDecl, ExecutionContext executionContext) {
            // ...
        }
    }
}

We then could use that template to add a hello() method as desired by:

// ...
public class SayHelloRecipe extends Recipe {
    // ...

    public class SayHelloVisitor extends JavaIsoVisitor<ExecutionContext> {
        private final JavaTemplate helloTemplate =
                JavaTemplate.builder( "public String hello() { return \"Hello from #{}!\"; }")
                        .build();

        @Override
        public J.ClassDeclaration visitClassDeclaration(J.ClassDeclaration classDecl, ExecutionContext executionContext) {
            // Don't make changes to classes that don't match the fully qualified name
            if (classDecl.getType() == null || !classDecl.getType().getFullyQualifiedName().equals(fullyQualifiedClassName)) {
                return classDecl;
            }

            // Check if the class already has a method named "hello"
            boolean helloMethodExists = classDecl.getBody().getStatements().stream()
                    .filter(statement -> statement instanceof J.MethodDeclaration)
                    .map(J.MethodDeclaration.class::cast)
                    .anyMatch(methodDeclaration -> methodDeclaration.getName().getSimpleName().equals("hello"));

            // If the class already has a `hello()` method, don't make any changes to it.
            if (helloMethodExists) {
                return classDecl;
            }

            // Interpolate the fullyQualifiedClassName into the template and use the resulting LST to update the class body
            classDecl = classDecl.withBody( helloTemplate.apply(new Cursor(getCursor(), classDecl.getBody()),
                    classDecl.getBody().getCoordinates().lastStatement(),
                    fullyQualifiedClassName ));

            return classDecl;
        }
    }
}

Completed visitor​

With all of that done, the complete SayHelloRecipe looks like this:

package com.yourorg;

import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonCreator;
import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonProperty;
import lombok.EqualsAndHashCode;
import lombok.Value;
import org.jspecify.annotations.NonNull;
import org.openrewrite.*;
import org.openrewrite.java.JavaIsoVisitor;
import org.openrewrite.java.JavaTemplate;
import org.openrewrite.java.tree.J;

// Making your recipe immutable helps make them idempotent and eliminates categories of possible bugs.
// Configuring your recipe in this way also guarantees that basic validation of parameters will be done for you by rewrite.
// Also note: All recipes must be serializable. This is verified by RewriteTest.rewriteRun() in your tests.
@Value
@EqualsAndHashCode(callSuper = false)
public class SayHelloRecipe extends Recipe {
    @Option(displayName = "Fully Qualified Class Name",
            description = "A fully qualified class name indicating which class to add a hello() method to.",
            example = "com.yourorg.FooBar")
    @NonNull
    String fullyQualifiedClassName;

    // All recipes must be serializable. This is verified by RewriteTest.rewriteRun() in your tests.
    @JsonCreator
    public SayHelloRecipe(@NonNull @JsonProperty("fullyQualifiedClassName") String fullyQualifiedClassName) {
        this.fullyQualifiedClassName = fullyQualifiedClassName;
    }

    @Override
    public String getDisplayName() {
        return "Say Hello";
    }

    @Override
    public String getDescription() {
        return "Adds a \"hello\" method to the specified class.";
    }

    @Override
    public TreeVisitor<?, ExecutionContext> getVisitor() {
        // getVisitor() should always return a new instance of the visitor to avoid any state leaking between cycles
        return new SayHelloVisitor();
    }

    public class SayHelloVisitor extends JavaIsoVisitor<ExecutionContext> {
        private final JavaTemplate helloTemplate =
                JavaTemplate.builder( "public String hello() { return \"Hello from #{}!\"; }")
                        .build();

        @Override
        public J.ClassDeclaration visitClassDeclaration(J.ClassDeclaration classDecl, ExecutionContext executionContext) {
            // Don't make changes to classes that don't match the fully qualified name
            if (classDecl.getType() == null || !classDecl.getType().getFullyQualifiedName().equals(fullyQualifiedClassName)) {
                return classDecl;
            }

            // Check if the class already has a method named "hello".
            boolean helloMethodExists = classDecl.getBody().getStatements().stream()
                    .filter(statement -> statement instanceof J.MethodDeclaration)
                    .map(J.MethodDeclaration.class::cast)
                    .anyMatch(methodDeclaration -> methodDeclaration.getName().getSimpleName().equals("hello"));

            // If the class already has a `hello()` method, don't make any changes to it.
            if (helloMethodExists) {
                return classDecl;
            }

            // Interpolate the fullyQualifiedClassName into the template and use the resulting LST to update the class body
            classDecl = classDecl.withBody( helloTemplate.apply(new Cursor(getCursor(), classDecl.getBody()),
                    classDecl.getBody().getCoordinates().lastStatement(),
                    fullyQualifiedClassName ));

            return classDecl;
        }
    }
}

If you run the tests, they should all pass. Running this recipe on a class like FooBar { } should now produce the desired result:

package com.yourorg;

class FooBar {
    public String hello() {
        return "Hello from com.yourorg.FooBar!";
    }
}

Declarative YAML usage​

SayHelloRecipe is now ready to be used in code or declaratively from YAML:

---
type: specs.openrewrite.org/v1beta/recipe
name: com.yourorg.SayHelloToFooBar
recipeList:
  - org.openrewrite.samples.SayHelloRecipe:
      fullyQualifiedClassName: com.yourorg.FooBar

Next steps​

Congratulations on finishing your first recipe! Before you begin making your own recipe, please consider checking out these other docs: